Form 20-F
Please revise your future filings to provide a discussion of your financial condition and changes in financial condition as required by Item 303(a) of Regulation S-K and Item 5 of Form 20-F.
to the Staff’s comment, we will revise our future filings to provide such discussion. Read in the reply ↗
We note your disclosure of the reinvestment rate of existing lenders and re-borrowing rate for existing borrowers that you have identified as Key Operating Metrics. Please provide us with the calculations for the disclosed measures and explain why you believe your calculation is appropriate to explain the reinvestment rate of lenders and the re-borrowing rate.Rest of the question
Please also revise your future filings to clearly disclose how these measures are calculated.
to the Staff’s comment, we will file an amendment on Form 20-F/A to include below disclosure as well as to include below disclosure in future filings to clarify how these measures are calculated:
Reinvestment rate: Reinvestment rate is equal to the lenders who have invested twice or more during the quarter, divided by total lenders during the quarter.
Re-borrowing rate: Re-borrowing rate is equal to the borrowers who have borrowed twice or more during the quarter, divided by total borrowers during the quarter.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that our calculation appropriately explainsRead in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
the reinvestment rate of lenders and the re-borrowing rate.
We note disclosure on page 86 that Ms. Jing Leng has been serving as your Chief Financial Officer since June 25, 2018. Additionally, we also note that Ms. Leng also serves as the financial manager of China Rapid Finance Limited (China Rapid). Please tell us and revise your future filings to address the following: • Disclose the amount of time Ms.Rest of the question
Leng devotes to Golden Bull Limited and any associated risks related to her employment with China Rapid; • Disclose the extent to which you deem China Rapid to be a competitor; and • Disclose any potential conflicts of interest and how you manage them.
to the Staff’s comment, we will revise the future filings to include the following risk factors related to Ms. Leng’s prior employment with China
Rapid:
Ms. Jing Leng’s prior employment with our indirect competitor may expose the Company to potential legal disputes or conflicts of interest.
M. Jing Leng served as Financial Manager of China Rapid Finance Limited (“China Rapid”) from January 3, 2017 to June 22, 2018.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
China Rapid predominantly offers consumer loans for the credit needs of what they refer to as Emerging Middle-class, Mobile Active consumers (“EMMAs”).
Consumer loans typically have loan terms lasting from between two weeks and three months, and have loan principal amounts between
RMB 500 (approximately US $77) to RMB 6,000 (approximately US $922). On the other hand, we focus on a different market segment and facilitate loans exclusively to borrowers that provide automobiles as a form of security to lenders. In many instances, third-party institutions also provide a guarantee to lenders as an additional layer of security. The automobiles that are secured must be owned by the borrower and may not be encumbered by existing loans. We require that the size of each loan be no more than 70% of the value of the collateral of such loan. The loan term we provide for our borrowers ranges between 30 days to 540 days, and have principal amounts generally between RMB 20,000 (approximately US $2,899) to RMB 400,000 (approximately US $57,935).
While both the Company and China Rapid are in the same P2P industry, we and China Rapid focus on different market segments and are thus indirect competitors. We focus on bigger loans using automobiles as collateral while China Rapid focuses on smaller loans. There is little direct competition between the Company and China Rapid.
Nevertheless, since Ms. Jing Leng had previously entered into an employment agreement with non-disclosure provision with China Rapid during her employment there, in the event China
Rapid claims that Ms. Jing Leng breached her confidentiality obligations pursuant to the terms of that employment agreement, China
Rapid may have a cause of action against Ms. Jing Leng for a breach of contract and against the Company for unfair competition, which may have negative impact on our reputation and cause distraction to management
Please tell us and revise future filings to clearly identify each material weakness and to provide additional detail regarding how the deficiency in internal control in each material weakness impacted financial reporting.
to the Staff’s comment, we will include below revised disclosure in Item15 of future filings to identify each material weakness and to provide additional detail regarding how the deficiency in internal control in each material weakness impacted financial reporting:
Based on this assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2018, we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting due to the existence of the following significant deficiencies and material weaknesses:
●
Lack of sufficient full-time personnel with appropriate levels of accounting knowledgeRead in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
and experience to monitor the daily recording of transactions, address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues, and prepare and review financial statements and related disclosures under U.S. GAAP, and as a result, the Company may not be able to identify and monitor significant accounting issues appropriately on a timely basis;
Lack of a functional internal audit department or personnel that monitors the consistencies of the preventive internal control procedures, and as a result, the Company may not be able to discover the existence of problems and prevent the problematic behavior in internal control;
Lack of adequate policies and procedures in internal audit function to ensure that the Company’s policies and procedures have been carried out as planned;
Lack of reviewed documentation for management’s approval on aging analysis and as a result, the Company may not be able to accrue provision for bad debt appropriately on a timely basis;
Lack of sufficient monitoring of the employee resignation procedure, which may result in an inaccurate number of employees in the annual report;
Lack of well-structured IT general control policies and procedures for documentation of program changes, periodic transaction log reviews, control quality evaluations, backup restoration tests and centralized anti-virus detections, which may result in failure to accurately collect operational data to prepare the financial statements.
Please tell us how you concluded that your disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018, considering that your internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of this date due to the significant deficiencies and material weaknesses identified. Your explanation should be comprehensive and address all of the components of the definition of disclosure controls and procedures.Rest of the question
Please refer to Sections II.D and E of SEC Release 33-8238. If appropriate, please amend your Form 20- F to revise your conclusion regarding your disclosure controls and procedures.
Management believes our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2018 since our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of that date. We will file an amendment to the Form 20-F to indicate such conclusion. Read in the reply ↗
We note that you have recognized a $810,863 deferred tax asset at December 31, 2018 related to net operating losses which can be carried forward for five years. We also note cumulative losses since your inception in 2015 and disclosure that you believe that a valuation allowance is not necessary because there will be sufficient operating income generated in future years.Rest of the question
In determining the need for a deferred tax asset valuation allowance and considering the guidance in paragraphs 21 – 23 of ASC 740-10-30, forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed is difficult when there is negative evidence such as cumulative losses in recent years, which is considered a significant piece of negative evidence that is difficult to overcome. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. Please provide us an accounting analysis that details the specific positive and negative evidence you considered in determining that your deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized at December 31, 2018. Your analysis should include but not be limited to: • An analysis of your historical taxable or US GAAP income, projected future tax or US GAAP income by year and a schedule detailing the amounts and years you expect to realize the benefits from your deferred tax assets. • For your projections of future tax or US GAAP income, please: o identify the most significant inputs and assumptions, o provide a qualitative and quantitative discussion of the inputs and assumptions to allow us to fully understand your projections, o provide specific evidence which supports the inputs and assumptions, and o provide a sensitivity analysis using reasonably likely alternatives for key assumptions. • An analysis comparing actual versus forecasted taxable income or US GAAP income for the interim period to date explaining the reasons for any significant differences. We remind you that the company and its management are responsible for the accuracy and adequacy of their disclosures, notwithstanding any review, comments, action or absence of action by the staff.
to the Staff’s comment, we have provided an accounting analysis below:
Our taxable income was $3.7 million, $7.0 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The estimated taxable income is $9.59 million, $11.56 million, $13.95 million, $16.82 million and $20.29 million for 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
Estimated net profit is $0.61 million, $0.97 million, $1.16 million, $1.51 million and $2.07 million for 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
The most significant assumption in our projection is the growth rate of loan volume. Since the Company only started its business operations from fiscal year 2015, the loan volumes processed increased significantly in the first 3 years from fiscal year 2015 to fiscal year 2017, we believed that it was not reasonable to use the growth rate calculated based on the fluctuations of these years. The growth rate from fiscal year
2017 to fiscal year 2018 provided a better indicator as the business operations of the Company stabilized. The Company used the growth rate of approximately 21% based on the fluctuation of loan volumes processed from fiscal year 2017 to fiscal year 2018 for the revenue projections. Sales tax and expenses are expected to increase with the increase in revenue; 21% was therefore used for the projection of these items as well. The Company estimates that rental expenses, salary expenses, and research & development expenses would increase at a rate of approximately 13% based on the average increase of these expenses from fiscal year 2017 to fiscal year 2018. Since the business consulting expenses and profession fees incurred in the fiscal year 2018 were mainly in relation of one-time IPO listing expenses, the Company expected that the amount in fiscal year 2019 would only be 50% of the amount recorded in fiscal year 2018 and have an average growth rate of 13% for the years to follow, similar to other general and administrative expenses.
We have provided our unaudited interim financial statements for the first quarter of 2019 to our auditors before our 2018 Form 20-F filing. The actual revenue for the first quarter of 2019 was $4.06 million, compared with $9.59 million for the full year of 2019 in the projection. The actual net profit for the first quarter of 2019 was $0.50 million, compared with $0.61 million for the full year of 2019 in the projection.
There is no significant difference between actual income and forecasted income. As a result, we determined that our deferred tax asset at December 31, 2018 should be realizable in the next 5 years before expiration.
We note your proposed revised disclosure in response to comment 4. Please ensure that your revised disclosure clearly identifies which of the listed items represented a material weakness that resulted in your determination that you did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Refer to Item 15(b)(3) of Form 20-F.Rest of the question
Please also ensure the disclosure in your next Form 20-F clearly describes the changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year as part of your remediation activities and to clearly describe any remaining actions planned to remediate the identified material weaknesses.
In response to the Staff’s comment, we have revised our disclosures accordingly below and will also do so in our future filings:
Item 15 (b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule
13a-15(f).Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with international financial reporting standards (“IFRSs”). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2018. The assessment was based on criteria established in the framework Internal Control—Integrated Framework
(2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2018, we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting due to the existence of the following material weaknesses:
o Lack of sufficient full-time personnel with appropriate levels of accounting knowledge and experience to monitor the daily recording of transactions, address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues, and prepare and review financial statements and related disclosures under U.S. GAAP, and as a result, the Company may not be able to identify and monitor significant accounting issues appropriately on a timely basis;
o Lack of a functional internal audit department or personnel that monitors the consistencies of the preventive internal control procedures, and as a result, the Company may not be able to discover the existence of problems and prevent the problematic behavior in internal control;
o Lack of adequate policies and procedures in internal audit function to ensure that the Company’s policies and procedures have been carried out as planned; and o Lack of well-structured IT general control policies and procedures for documentation of program changes, periodic transaction log reviews, control quality evaluations, backup restoration tests and centralized anti-virus detections, which may result in failure to accurately collect operational data to prepare the financial statements.
o Lack of proper segregation of duties within accounting functions.
o Significant deficiencies were also detected at Dianniu, one of our VIEs, which in the aggregate, constitute a material weakness and create a reasonable likelihood that a material misstatement of our annual and interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Such deficiencies include: (i) lack of reviewed documentation for management’s approval on aging analysis and as a result, the Company may not be able to accrue provision for bad debt appropriately on a timely basis; and (ii) lack of sufficient monitoring of the employee resignation procedure, which may result in an inaccurate number of employees in the annual report.
As a company with limited resources, the Company does not have the resources to fund sufficient staff to ensure a complete segregation of responsibilities within the accounting function. However, management has carried out and is planning to undertake the following actions to remediate the material weakness described above:
(1) Recruiting qualified consultants with appropriate levels of knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP reporting to assist in resolving accounting issues in non-routine or complex transactions;
(2) Setting up an Internal Audit Department and establishing formal internal control policies and procedures, implementing an ongoing initiative and training to relevant personnel,
(3) Providing continuous U.S. GAAP trainings to relevant employees;
(4) Making quarterly aging analyses, which will be reviewed and confirmed by the CFO;
(5) Further standardizing the employees’ resignation process; the resignation report of employees above the manager level (including managers) shall be approved by the CEO with approval records and signature;
(6) Setting up IT strategic plans, annual plans and budgeting for it to be consistent with business development, maintaining IT meeting minutes and communicating through emails with relevant departments, setting up IT Best Practice
Standards and evaluating the IT department performance annually, maintaining records for IT change authorizations, terminating user access rights the same day for any employees that leave the Company, standardizing and managing the anti-virus software with specific designated personnel, periodically reviewing the logs to identify any unusual transactions, performing restoration tests for backups regularly, evaluating third-party services annually, and terminating the ones with bad performance;
We note your response to comment 6. Please address the following: • References to “taxable income” in your response appear to represent “Total operating revenues, net” as presented in your statement of operations on page F-4. Please revise your analysis to instead provide us historical and forecasted PRC taxable operating income/(loss) with appropriate detail of the significant revenue and expense line items.Rest of the question
Please provide us your historical results by quarter if available. • Please provide us your historical and forecasted US GAAP operating income/(loss) before taxes or taxable operating income/(loss) by country (i.e. PRC, Cayman Islands, etc.) and explain how historical income was generated for each country and ensure any differences in forecasted income/(loss) between countries is explained. • In your accounting analysis you have forecasted revenue (21%) and expense (13%) growth based only on increases experienced from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2018. Please tell us how you considered in your analysis the potential for ongoing PRC regulatory reform and planned changes to your business model (i.e. entrance into car leasing business, production and sales for Internet of Things technology and technical consulting) in support of these revenue and expense growth rates. • You have also forecasted in your accounting analysis business consulting expenses and professional fees to decrease by 50% when compared to fiscal 2018 since you considered these expenses were mainly in relation to one-time IPO listing expenses. However, we note disclosure on pages 73-74 that business consulting expenses were due to the engagement of professional teams to monitor and provide business advice on your business in the area of human resource strategic management and business strategic management. Please update your analysis, based upon your changing business model, to explain in further detail how you have determined these significant expenses will reduce by 50% in future periods.
In response to the Staff’s comment, we have revised our analysis accordingly as below:
● Please refer to “Taxable Income and Reconciling Items” attached hereto as Exhibit A which provides our historical and forecasted PRC taxable operating income/(loss) with appropriate details regarding significant revenue and expense line items.
● Please refer to “Operating and Forecasted
Income by Country” attached hereto as Exhibit B which provides our historical and forecasted US GAAP operating income/(loss) before taxes or taxable operating income/(loss) by country.
● In our forecast, we used theRead in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
growth rate of 21% in revenue because the Company’s revenue level has been gradually increasing since the fourth quarter of 2018. In the first quarter of 2019, the operating result was made available at the end of April 2019, right before the 2018 20-F was filed, and the Company’s revenue increased 101% over the fourth quarter of 2018. Therefore, the Company used the growth rate of 21% in revenue based on the fluctuation of loan volumes processed from fiscal year 2017 to fiscal year 2018, which appears to be achievable and conservative for the Company according to the positive performance in the first quarter of 2019.
● We have forecasted business consulting expenses and professional fees to decrease by 50% when compared to fiscal 2018, because these expenses were mainly attributable to consulting services in the area of human resource strategic management and business strategic management related to IPO. The original projection and accounting analysis we provided was largely based on the March 31, 2019 quarterly performance which was made available at the end of April 2019 right before the 2018 20-F was filed. However, the overall performance of the P2P industry has declined in the second quarter of 2019 due to the increasingly stricter regulations of the P2P industry by the Chinese government.
As a P2P operator, we have also been affected, resulting in a sharp decline in the Company’s operations in the second quarter of 2019. Please refer to “New Forecast” attached hereto as Exhibit C which provides our revised forecast and accounting analysis.
For each reconciling item in your effective tax rate reconciliation for 2017 and 2018 on page F-19, please clearly tell us and revise your future filings, to the extent material, to explain: • the nature of the reconciling item, and • if the item represents income or expense and how the item is treated differently for taxes.Rest of the question
Also, clearly explain to us why Cayman non-deductible expenses decrease your effective tax rate.
In response to the Staff’s comment, please refer to our explanation in Exhibit A attached hereto and we will also revise our future filings accordingly Read in the reply ↗
We note that 47% of your losses before taxes in 2018 is presented as foreign (i.e. non- PRC) on page F-19. Please tell us and revise future filings to clearly describe how income is generated in each geographic market as required by Item 4 and Item 5 of Form 20-F. You may contact John Spitz, Staff Accountant, at (202) 551-3484 or Michael Volley, Staff Accountant, at (202) 551-3437 with any questions.
In response to the Staff’s
● All of our income from inception to 2018 is generated in China. We facilitate loans by connecting borrowers and lenders, preparing all necessary paperwork related to borrowers’ applications and assisting with securing collateral. Our primary sources of revenue consist of fees received for transactions through our platform and include transaction and management fees, which are described in further detail below:
o Transaction Fees: Transaction fees are paid by borrowers to the Company for the work the Company performs through its platform.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
These fees are recognized as a component of operating revenue at the time of loan issuance. The amount of these fees is based upon the loan amount and other terms of the loan, including credit grade, maturity and other factors.
These fees are non-refundable upon the issuance of loan.
o Management Fees: Loan borrowers pay a management fee on each loan payment to compensate us for services provided in connection with facilitation of the loan transactions, including review of a borrower’s application with required supporting documentation, evaluation of such borrower’s credit, assessing and verification of collaterals as well as the maintenance of profiles in our system. The Company records management fees as a component of operating revenue at the time of loan issuance. The amount of these fees is based upon the loan amount and other terms of the loan, including credit grade, maturity and other factors. These fees are non-refundable upon the issuance of loan.
We note your response and corresponding Exhibits provided in response to comment 2. As noted in your revised forecast in Exhibit C, due to the increasingly stricter regulations of the P2P industry by the Chinese government you now forecast losses in all future periods.Rest of the question
Based on your historical losses and your revised forecast of projected losses, please recognize a valuation allowance on your deferred tax asset or tell us further how and why you have determined that a valuation allowance is not appropriate.
In response to the Staff’s comment, we have provided an accounting analysis below for not recognizing a valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset as of
December 31, 2018:
The Company’s assessment of deferred tax assets before filing date of Form 20-F
Prior to the filing of the Form 20-F on April 30, 2019, the Company considered both negative and positive evidences and prepared a forecast of net operating losses for the years ended December 31 (which we have provided in our previous response to the Staff’s comments), 2019 through
2023, and reached a conclusion that it is not necessaryRead in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
to provide a valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset as of December
31, 2018.
Negative evidence
In assessing the need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses, the Company identified as the negative evidence the continuous net losses of $3.5 million and $1.0 million, and continuous net operating losses of $2.2 million and $1.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
However, ASC 740 does not specifically define “cumulative losses in recent years.” In discussing cumulative losses, the FASB did note in Statement
109.100 (non-authoritative) that they considered losses in the context of a three-year period.
In addition, the Company has provided our unaudited interim financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to our auditors before our Form
20-F filing for the year ended on December 31, 2018, which presented a net income of $0.5 million. As a result, the Company expects the projected net income for the year ended December 31, 2019 would be no less than $0.61 million, which is the net income in our forecast on which the Company assessed the realizability of deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance as of December
Positive evidence
In addition to the net income of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company witnessed an increase in the number of borrowers, who contribute both management fees and transaction fees to the Company. The Company regarded both indicators as positive evidences that the Company would generate sufficient revenues and net profits in the carryforward periods.
Based on the negative evidence and positive evidence, the Company prepared a forecast for the Company’s net operating income, which is $0.61 million, $0.97 million, $1.16 million, $1.51 million and $2.07 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
The Company thus concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be realized and no need to provide valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.
Increasing negative evidence after filing of Form 20-F
In May 2019, the financial regulatory authority of Shanghai issued the list of online lending companies that should exit the P2P lending industry after full payment of outstanding balance of loans. Furthermore in May 2019, the financial regulatory authority of Shanghai required the Company to gradually scale down the outstanding balance of loans it facilitated, to reduce the number of lenders and borrowers. As a result of these regulatory requirements, the Company’s operation performance was far below expectation. The Company expected these unfavorable regulatory changes have affected and could continue to affect our business negatively.
Based on our evaluation of regulatory and business environment of the P2P lending industry, the Company provided a new forecast in response to the Staff’s comments dated July 12, 2019. The forecast estimated net losses of $1.2 million, $0.6 million, $0.5 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, leading to a full valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets.
Though the full valuation allowance of deferred tax assets was estimated as a result of increasing negative evidence after the filing of Form 20-F on April
30, 2019, the Company believes it is a result of regulatory requirements which did not exist on December 31, 2018 (for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the Company witnessed an increase in the number of borrowers and revenues. The
Company even made net income for the quarter ended March 31, 2019). According to the definition of subsequent events in ASC 855-10-20, the Company categorized the change as a non recognized subsequent event, and referring to ASC 855-10-25-3, the Company did not recognize such a subsequent event in the financial statements.
Pursuant to ASC250-10-45-17,
“… A change in accounting estimate shall not be accounted for by restating or retrospectively adjusting amounts reported in financial statements of prior periods or by reporting pro forma amounts for prior periods.”, as the change in estimates of deferred tax assets was a result of non recognized subsequent event, the Company believes it is not necessary to restate the
Form 20-F by recognition of a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. Instead, the Company would present the valuation allowance in our future filings.
Also in this review: company letter, 2020-01-08, closing letter, 2020-03-31