Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022
You disclose that the VML subconcessions agreement expired on December 31, 2022 and that the Gaming Assets reverted to, and are now owned by the Macao government. You further disclose that effective January 1, 2023, the Gaming Assets were temporarily transferred to VML for the duration of the Concession in return for annual payments.Rest of the question
Please tell us how you accounted for transfer of the assets to the Macao Government on December 31, 2022 and the subsequent temporary transfer back to VML for annual payments. Within your response, please reference the authoritative accounting literature management relied upon.
In response to the Staff's comment, the Company advises that until December 31, 2022, the Gaming Assets (as defined below) were property and equipment of Venetian Macau Limited (“VML”), an indirect subsidiary of the Company. In accordance with the terms of VML’s Subconcession contract, the Gaming Assets automatically “reverted” to the Macao government upon its expiry at midnight on December 31, 2022.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
However, because VML had been awarded a new gaming Concession effective January 1, 2023, the Gaming Assets were instantaneously transferred back to VML from the Macao government for the duration of VML’s new Concession (10 years). The Company continued to recognize the Gaming Assets as assets of VML because VML never lost possession or the right to control, use and earn income from them. Said another way, control of the Gaming Assets never transferred to the Macao government. This results in a model similar to a failed sale-and-leaseback in which the assets remained on the books of VML. No
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Securities and Exchange Commission consideration was received by VML from the Macao government as a result of the reversion and therefore there is no financing to record; the payment obligations to the Macao government were attributed to the gaming rights contemporaneously received and as such, the Company recognized an intangible asset on January 1, 2023 for the right to operate the Gaming Assets. Refer to below assessment for the treatment of the Gaming Assets.
Background Information
In December 2002, VML, entered into a gaming subconcession agreement (the “Subconcession”) with Galaxy Casino, S.A. ("Galaxy"), which was approved by the Macao government. The Subconcession allowed VML to develop and operate certain casino projects in Macao until June 26, 2022 and was subsequently extended to December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the extended Subconcession, at the end of the term on December 31, 2022, all of VML's casinos including gaming areas and supporting gaming areas as listed (the "Casinos") and gaming-related equipment (the “Gaming Equipment,” and together with the Casinos, the “Gaming Assets”) were automatically transferred to the Macao government without compensation to VML. In December 2022, VML was awarded a 10-year gaming concession by the Macao government (the “Concession”) ending on December 31, 2032.
On December 30, 2022, VML, Venetian Cotai Limited ("VCL"), Cotai Strip Lot 2 Apart Hotel (Macau) Limited ("CSL2") and Venetian Orient Limited ("VOL"), all indirect subsidiaries of the Company, signed a reversion deed to revert the legal ownership of the Gaming Assets to the Macao government without any compensation on the expiry of the Subconcession on December 31, 2022. Also on December 30, 2022, VML signed a handover record with the Macao government to receive the temporary transfer of the Gaming Assets to VML for its enjoyment, fruition and use by payment of an annual fee to the Macao government based on annual rates as defined in the handover record and illustrated below and total square meters of the gaming area and the supporting area over the new concession term (the "Handover Record"). The Handover Record was effective January 1, 2023, which occurred immediately after the Gaming Assets reverted to the Macao government. The Casinos and the Gaming Equipment are located in Sands Macao, The Venetian Macao, The Plaza Macao and Four Seasons Macao, The Londoner Macao and The Parisian Macao, with a total area of approximately 136,000 square meters (representing approximately 4.7% of the total property area owned by these entities) and are a physically distinct portion of our integrated resorts. While the Gaming Assets are physically distinct, they form part of the overall integrated resort offering that features premium hotel accommodations, gaming, entertainment and retail malls, convention and exhibition facilities, restaurants and other amenities.
During the Concession term, any replacements, improvements and maintenance costs related to the Gaming Assets will be borne by VML. Legal title for the Gaming Assets reverted remains with the Macao government, but VML will have legal title to any new purchases and replacements; however, these assets will revert to the Macao government at the end of the Concession as they are subject to a reversion clause in the Concession.
Management's Assessment
Treatment of the Gaming Assets as of December 31, 2022
The Company believes the reversion of the Gaming Assets, as well as the Handover Record, should be treated as a single transaction arising from entering into the Concession as the contracts have a single commercial objective.
As VML transferred legal title of the Gaming Assets to the Macao government and instantaneously obtained an exclusive right to operate the Gaming Assets for the duration of the Concession, the Company assessed the transfer of control over these assets. As control was not transferred to the Macao government, these transfers were akin to a failed sale-and-leaseback.
Under ASC 842, a sale-and-leaseback transaction involves the transfer of an asset by an owner (“seller-lessee” being VML) to an acquirer (“buyer-lessor” being the Macao government) and a transfer of the right to control the use of that same asset back to the original owner for an agreed period. The seller-lessee and
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands buyer-lessor must determine whether the seller-lessee transfers control of the underlying asset to the buyer-lessor. If so, the transfer of the asset is a sale and both parties may apply successful sale-and-leaseback accounting.
For the transfer of an asset to be accounted for as a sale, ASC 842 points to ASC 606-10-25. The first analysis required the Company to assess if all of the contract existence criteria are met. If the existence criteria are not met, the transfer cannot be accounted for as a sale-and-lease back. Under ASC 606-10-25-1, the Company determined the Handover Record did not meet all of the contract requirements per ASC 606-10-25-1. Specifically, the Company noted the following:
a.The parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally, or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations. VML and the Macao government signed the Concession on December 16, 2022 and the Handover Record on December 30, 2022, and each party is committed to perform their respective obligations. (Met) b.The entity can identify each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred. Each party's rights regarding the Gaming Assets to be transferred are identified and documented in the Concession. (Met) c.The entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred. There are no "cash" payment terms for the transferred assets as VML is not entitled to any compensation from the Macao government; however, the absence of non-monetary consideration does not preclude each party from identifying the payment terms as the consideration is zero and is identified in the contract. (Met) d.The contract has commercial substance (that is, the risk, timing or amount of the entity’s future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract). Other than the additional payments related to the Handover Record, the timing and amount of VML's future cash flows as it relates to the operation of the Gaming Assets does not change as VML continues to generate revenues from the output of the Gaming Assets. Specifically, the nature, timing and configuration of the cash flows to be generated from the Gaming Assets have not changed as a result of the Handover Record and the Concession. The additional payments that VML is required to make per the Handover Record represent payments for the right to operate Gaming Assets in Macao and do not affect the cash flows from the Gaming Assets themselves. Additionally, VML's responsibility for the maintenance and improvements for the Gaming Assets did not change as a result of the Concession compared to the Subconcession. (Not met) e.It is probable that the entity will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer (see paragraphs 606-1055-3A through 55-3C). VML does not have a present right to payment in exchange for transferring these assets to the Macao government as there is no consideration for VML to collect. (Not applicable)
The payments that VML is required to make per the Handover Record represent payments for the right to operate the Gaming Assets, as evidenced by the fact that the required payments made are associated with the Gaming Assets being operated, whether or not they are Gaming Assets that were subject to the Handover Record. That is, if the Company were to replace the Gaming Assets during the term of the concession, the Company would be required to make the same payment stipulated in the Handover Record even though these replacement assets were not subject to the Handover Record. Said another way, the Company is required to make the payments related to assets that are both legally owned by the Macao government and legally owned by VML. For these reasons, the Company believes these payments are not associated with the Gaming Assets subject to the Handover Record. Once these payments are removed and attributed to the right to operate Gaming Assets in Macao (an intangible asset as discussed further below), there is no change in the risk, timing or amount of VML's future cash flows resulting from the reversion of the Gaming Assets and the Handover Record. Accordingly, the Company has concluded the reversion of the Gaming Assets combined with the Handover Record, lacks commercial substance.
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands
Even if a contract were deemed to exist, in order for VML to derecognize the Gaming Assets, control of the Gaming Assets would need to have been transferred to the Macao government. Under ASC 606-10-25-25, to have control, the buyer-lessor must have the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. Control includes the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and obtaining the benefits from, an asset. The Company determined control was not transferred to the Macao government based on the following indicators:
•VML directs and uses the assets to provide gambling services, which in turn provides revenue to VML. The Macao government does not use the assets to provide goods or services.
•VML, and not the Macao government, directs and uses the Gaming Assets to attract patrons to its Integrated Resorts globally resulting in increased cash inflows across its hotel operations, food and beverage services, and mall, MICE and entertainment offerings in its Integrated Resorts.
•The Macao government does not have the exclusive use of the Gaming Assets as this right belongs to VML and it is VML who can prevent others from using it.
•The Macao government does not have the right to pledge the Gaming Assets as collateral, the right to sell or exchange the Gaming Assets or the right to use the Gaming Assets as nonmonetary consideration in a transaction with a third-party.
The Company also considered the control indicators in ASC 606-10-25-30, which further supports our conclusion that control of the Gaming Assets did not transfer to the Macao government due to the following indicators from the view of the Macao government (buyer):
•The Macao government does not have the risk and rewards of ownership as they are not responsible for maintenance, damage or obsolescence arising from the usage of the Gaming Assets. Additionally, the Macao government did not transfer consideration to acquire the Gaming Assets and therefore do not have any associated capital risk in which they would need to recover through charging rental payments or from the residual value of the assets. VML has the full risks and rewards of ownership of these Gaming Assets and any damage or obsolescence which requires repairs and maintenance, replacement and construction, etc. relating to these Gaming Assets are borne by VML.
•The Macao government does not take physical possession of the Gaming Assets as they are located within and are part of the Integrated Resorts and are in the physical possession of VML.
•The Macao government did not and is not making any payment in exchange for the Gaming Assets.
•The Macao government is not a party to any contract with the brand owners, manufacturers or suppliers of any Gaming Assets, including IP licenses, sale and purchase agreements, support contracts and warranty periods. VML is party to all such agreements in place from time to time.
Other considerations supporting the conclusion that control was not transferred to the Macao government from VML's perspective are the following:
•VML has the intent and does exclusively possess and control the Gaming Assets and can prevent others from using them. Furthermore, the primary output of the Gaming Assets is gross gaming revenue and VML is entitled to 100% of the gross gaming revenue produced from exploitation of the Gaming Assets.
The Company notes that under a typical sale-and-leaseback transaction the seller-lessee retains physical possession during the leaseback period. However, when a buyer-lessor transfers consideration in exchange for the assets, the buyer-lessor demonstrates risk and rewards of ownership. The buyer-lessor has risk since it advanced consideration (transferred assets) to acquire the leased assets. This investment in the acquired property is at risk and recovered through rents and the residual value of the property. Here, as the Macao government did not transfer consideration for the Gaming Assets, it has no risk related to the assets. Consequently, the only indicator set forth in ACS 606-10-25-30 that suggests control might have transferred is the transfer of title. The Company has concluded this is not sufficient to conclude control transferred and therefore the Company did not derecognize the Gaming Assets.
The below analysis is supplemental and provides additional support for the accounting conclusion that the transaction should not be accounted for as a sale and the Gaming Assets should not be derecognized.
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands
Notwithstanding the Company's conclusion that control of the Gaming Assets did not transfer pursuant to the guidance in ASC 606, the Company also considered the sale-and-leaseback guidance in ASC 842 to further assess if control of the Gaming Assets transferred to the Macao government. Per ASC 842-40-25-2, the existence of a leaseback (that is, a seller-lessee’s right to use the underlying asset for a period of time) does not, in isolation, prevent the buyer-lessor from obtaining control of the asset. However, the buyer-lessor is not considered to have obtained control of the asset if the leaseback would be classified as a finance lease or a sales-type lease in accordance with the guidance on when an entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of an asset in Topic 606. When assessing the lease classification, the Gaming Assets are further broken down into their "individual lease components" being the buildings, inclusive of building improvements, and gaming equipment. ASC 842-10-25-5 indicates that “If a single lease component contains the right to use more than one underlying asset (see paragraphs 842-10-15-28 through 15-29), an entity shall consider the remaining economic life of the predominant asset in the lease component for purposes of applying the criterion in paragraph 842-10-25-2(c).” The predominant lease components are the buildings, inclusive of building improvements, and gaming equipment.
A lease shall be classified by the lessee as a finance lease and by the lessor as a sales-type lease when the lease meets any of the following criteria at lease commencement:
a.The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term.
b.The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.
c.The lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset. However, if the commencement date falls at or near the end of the economic life of the underlying asset, this criterion shall not be used for purposes of classifying the lease.
d.The present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments in accordance with paragraph 842-10-30-5(f) equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset.
e.The underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term.
The gaming equipment has a remaining economic life of 1 month to 9 years. Per ASC 842-10-55-2(a), when determining lease classification, one reasonable approach to assessing the criteria in paragraphs 842-10-25-2(c) through (d) and 842-10-25-3(b)(1) would be to conclude that the lease term is 75% percent or more of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset. It is assumed that the Macao government will renew the Concession at the end of the term and the Macao government has the option to terminate the Concession only in year 8. Under ASC 842, the lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend (or not terminate) the lease in which the exercise is controlled by the lessor. Therefore, even for the assets with the longest economic life (10 years), the stated lease term of 10 years would still consume more than 75% of the economic life, and as such, the leases of the gaming equipment would be classified as finance leases, which indicates that transfer of the assets is not a sale (see additional discussion of lease term below).
The buildings, inclusive of building improvements, have remaining economic lives ranging from 1 month to 50 years and while the initial Concession term of 8 or 10 years is not for a major part of the remaining economic lives of the buildings, the Company concluded that there are significant factors indicating the lease term, for accounting purposes, is much longer than the term of the Concession and that VML will continue to have the right to operate the Gaming Assets, inclusive of the buildings and building improvements, in perpetuity. As noted above, ASC 842 provides that the lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend (or not terminate) the lease in which the exercise is controlled by the lessor. The Company believes the Macao government in substance has a lessor-controlled renewal option insomuch that it is highly unlikely the Macao government would not continue to renew VML's gaming concession (and the continued right to control the Gaming Assets). The following factors support the Company's belief regarding a longer lease term and the granting of future concessions to VML by the Macao government:
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands
1.Due to the positive impact that VML has on the economy and tourism in Macao (which is a requirement of the Concession) and given the historical investment as well as the committed future investment, it is reasonably likely that gaming will remain in the public interest of the people of Macao.
First report after the company's reply of 2023-04-06: 10-Q filed 2023-04-21 ↗, against the 10-Q filed 2022-10-21 ↗.
Tickdelta does not hold the text of both reports, so they are not compared here.
We note your adjustments for hold-normalized casino revenue and expense to arrive at consolidated hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA, hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA for Macao Operations and Marina Bay Sands, and hold-normalized adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to LVS.Rest of the question
Please tell us how you considered the guidance Question 100.04 of the Compliance & Disclosure Interpretations on Non-GAAP Financial Measures in your determination to present these measures. In closing, we remind you that the company and its management are responsible for the accuracy and adequacy of their disclosures, notwithstanding any review, comments, action or absence of action by the staff.
It is reasonably likely that VML will continue to obtain an award of a new concession in the next tendering process upon expiry of the current Concession being December 31, 2032. This is supported by the current awarding of the Concession. Read in the reply ↗
First report after the company's reply of 2023-04-06: 10-Q filed 2023-04-21 ↗, against the 10-Q filed 2022-10-21 ↗.
Tickdelta does not hold the text of both reports, so they are not compared here.
We note your response to comment 2. We believe your adjustments for hold-normalized casino revenue and expense to arrive at consolidated hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA, hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA for Macao Operations and Marina Bay Sands, and hold-normalized adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to LVS are inconsistent with Question 100.04 of the Non-GAAP FinancialRest of the question
Measures Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations. Please revise to remove the non-GAAP measures that include adjustments for hold-normalized casino revenue and expense.
The Company acknowledges the Staff’s comment and understands the importance of adhering to SEC disclosure requirements, especially in connection with disclosures involving revenues. The Company believes its use of non-GAAP measures that include adjustments for hold-normalized casino revenue and expense for its rolling baccarat programs in Macao and Singapore (the "Measure"), on a quarterly basis only, is in compliance with the Staff's interpretive guidance and provides important information to investors in a manner that increases consistency and transparency.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
In an effort to provide further clarity, the Company plans to redefine such non-GAAP disclosures to “Hold-adjusted” rather than “Hold-normalized,” which we believe better represent our rationale for using the Measure, and to consider ways to expand the definition and rationale for providing the non-GAAP disclosures in future disclosures.
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands
Securities and Exchange Commission
With many years of experience operating table games of chance in various markets, the Company’s management team identified that over longer periods of time, rolling baccarat table game win percentages trend within a consistent range, while the quarter-over-quarter win percentages can fluctuate outside of these ranges. This is due to: (a) the math inherent in the game of baccarat resulting in determinable win percentages based on decisions made by patrons; (b) the discrete ability to determine the volume of play based on the utilization of non-negotiable chips; and (c) high volumes of play over successive periods yielding predictable win percentage levels. Internally, management adjusts these amounts to improve comparability between periods. In an effort to enhance disclosure, improve transparency and help investors properly assess the underlying performance of the Company, the Company began reporting the Measure in the earnings release and the investor relations presentation for the quarter ended September 30, 2012. The Company has consistently and transparently reported this information only on a quarterly basis ever since for both its Macao and Singapore rolling programs. The Company does not report the Measure on a year-to-date or annual basis, as rolling baccarat table game volumes over longer periods of time will reflect a win percentage consistent with the expected range. The Company does not provide a similar Measure for its non-rolling table games primarily because more than one type of table game is included in such metric (e.g., blackjack, roulette, craps, pai gow, sic-bo, etc.) with different math and win percentages inherent in each game. In addition, non-negotiable chips are not used for non-rolling table games and the range in bet amounts allowed vary by table game and by gaming floor. These factors result in an expected non-rolling win percentage that cannot be determined with the same precision and reliability as with rolling baccarat table games.
Since the implementation of this methodology in 2012, as additional information has been collected from analyzing historical win percentages over time, new wagers have been introduced and player behavior has evolved, management’s expectations of the win percentage, which directly impact the Measure, have been updated to reflect these developments. The updated expectations have resulted in an increase in the expected range of win percentage. The increase is directly related to the introduction of side bets and the evolution of patron betting behavior.
In current filings, for the Company's operations in both Macao and Singapore, the Measure is calculated using the estimated incremental casino revenue related to rolling volume play that would have been earned or lost had the Company's current period win percentage equaled 3.30%, and such adjustments are applied only if the current period win percentage is outside the expected range of 3.15% to 3.45%. Throughout the period in which the Company has disclosed the Measure, the expected ranges and the win percentage to which the Measure is adjusted have been updated to reflect evolving player behaviors. Management has consistently evaluated these underlying inputs and has updated the Measure accordingly to ensure investors have the most reliable information available – the same information being used by management to evaluate performance.
The use of adjustments to account for variability in win rates is prevalent in the gaming industry. Many other industry participants employ terminology and methodology similar to the Measure. These disclosures are well understood by the investment community, who we believe greatly value the supplemental disclosure because it provides additional transparency and allows for better comparability and easier interpretation of the quarterly performance of companies in the sector.
While other registrants often discuss the impact of win percentage variances on their financial performance in quarterly earnings calls, we believe many of those disclosures may lack the transparency, consistency and rigor when compared to the reporting methodology of the Company. For example, other registrants may disclose only the specific impact on EBITDA of low or high win percentage in a particular quarter, without providing the necessary context such as the ranges that are in place to determine the impact or whether the adjustment relates to rolling play (where an exact measure of volumes of bets is available for the calculation), or non-rolling play (where the volume of bets is not as measurable and therefore the adjustment to the win percentage is less reliable). They also may selectively disclose the information, being silent on the topic when win percentage is a benefit, and calling out low win percentage only when the financials are negatively impacted.
The Company believes the Measure has many similarities to other non-GAAP metrics that are widely used. For example, many companies utilize a constant currency non-GAAP measure to enhance comparability for
Sands Macao | The Venetian Macao | Four Seasons Macao | The Plaza Macao | The Londoner Macao | The Parisian Macao | Marina Bay Sands the benefit of investors. In these instances, the companies adjust various financial measures (e.g., revenues, EBITDA, expenses, net income, etc.) to be comparable to previous periods. They accomplish this by multiplying the chosen measure by the exchange rates in effect during the period to which the measure is being compared. The Company believes this is consistent with the methodology used to create the Measure, as the applicable revenues are being adjusted using the win percentage (i.e., rate) observed in previous periods to improve comparability. Additionally, both measures are designed to give investors insight into the underlying operating performance of the business. We believe providing the Measure on a consistent and transparent basis is just as useful, if not more so, as other companies’ utilization of constant currency non-GAAP measures, which appear to have been acceptable based on Question 104.06 of the Non-GAAP Financial Measures Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations.
The Company believes the Measure is important to investors, which is why we provide consistent and transparent disclosure of the Measure on a quarterly basis whether it is an increase or decrease to revenue or adjusted property EBITDA. We believe our investors utilize the Measure and associated details in their modeling of our historical and future results, including the adjustment and continued evaluation and updates of changes to the expected range of win percentage. If we are required to discontinue use of the Measure, the Company would seek the Staff’s consideration of alternative methods through which the Company could provide similar information to investors. We believe it is important to continue to provide this information on a consistent and transparent basis to meet investor expectations generally, and specifically during this sensitive period during which our Macao Operations and Marina Bay Sands are only now recovering from the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
First report after the company's reply of 2023-08-04: 10-Q filed 2023-10-20 ↗, against the 10-Q filed 2022-10-21 ↗.
Tickdelta does not hold the text of both reports, so they are not compared here.
We note your response to comment 1. We continue to believe your adjustments for holdnormalized casino revenue and expense to arrive at consolidated hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA, hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA for Macao Operations and Marina Bay Sands, and hold-normalized adjusted net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to LVS are inconsistent with Question 100.04 of theRest of the question
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations. Please revise to remove the non-GAAP measures that include adjustments for hold-normalized casino revenue and expense.
In recognition of the Staff's comment, the Company will remove the presentation of consolidated hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA, hold-normalized adjusted property EBITDA for Macao Operations and Marina Bay Sands, and hold-normalized net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to LVS from future filings.
Corporate Headquarters: 5420 S. Durango Dr. Las Vegas, NV 89113
Securities and Exchange Commission
* * *
The Company believes the foregoing is fully responsive to the Comment Letter.Read in the reply ↗Rest of the answer
Please let us know if you have any questions by contacting the undersigned at (702) 923-9238.
First report after the company's reply of 2023-12-01: 10-K filed 2024-02-07 ↗, against the 10-K filed 2023-02-03 ↗.
Tickdelta does not hold the text of both reports, so they are not compared here.
Also in this review: closing letter, 2023-12-06