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artificial intelligence and additional countries and U.S. states are expected to enact comprehensive artificial intelligence regulatory framework statutes. There are also pending legislative proposals to regulate business use and development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies which, if enacted, could impose new legal requirements addressing among other issues, privacy, discrimination and human rights.
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Our use of artificial intelligence could lead to new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation or other legal liability, ethical concerns, negative consumer and customer impacts, and negative perceptions of artificial intelligence generally, all of which could adversely affect our business, reputation or financial results. In particular, our use of artificial intelligence in credit decisioning could lead to enhanced scrutiny. Further, our competitors or other third parties may incorporate artificial intelligence into their products and business operations more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
• data privacy, consumer protection and artificial intelligence laws and regulations;
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We may face risks associated with our use of certain artificial intelligence and machine learning models and systems.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
• Strong new product innovation leveraging new EFX Cloud with 13% new product Vitality Index and 100% of new models and scores built using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
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• Strong new product innovation leveraging the new EFX Cloud with 9% first quarter new product Vitality Index and 85% of new models and scores built using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
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• In Europe, we are subject to the EU's GDPR, which is an extremely broad and sweeping privacy law. The GDPR establishes multiple privacy and data protection requirements, including data breach notification, and it gives regulators the ability to pursue substantial penalties for non-compliance. In addition to the GDPR, each EU member state may include specific requirements regarding personal data breaches in its local data protection regulations. The EU Artificial Intelligence Act imposes mandatory compliance requirements, including for artificial intelligence governance, documentation and human oversight.
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We continuously invest in new technologies. As we implement new technology that includes artificial intelligence, we may introduce incremental risks in our environment if these technologies are incorrectly configured or implemented, if the data we use to prompt them is incomplete, inadequate or biased in some way, or if the outputs are not sufficiently reviewed for reliability and validity. In addition, our investments in new technology, including artificial intelligence technology, may not yield the return on investment we anticipate and have a negative impact on our operating margins.
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• Significant new product innovation leveraging new EFX Cloud with 12.5% 2Q new product Vitality Index in the second quarter and 89% of new models and scores built using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
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In addition, there are laws and legislative proposals in the U.S. and abroad concerning privacy and cybersecurity that have implications for our business. For example, the Canadian and Australian governments have initiated reviews of their consumer privacy laws, and several U.S. states have introduced varying comprehensive privacy laws modeled to some degree on the CCPA and/or the GDPR. More recently, regulators and legislators have been increasingly focused on the use of algorithms, artificial intelligence and machine learning in business processes. Multiple jurisdictions, including the EU and at least one U.S. state, have adopted laws related to the development and use of artificial intelligence. There have also been new legislative proposals to regulate business use and development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies which, if enacted, could impose new legal requirements addressing among other issues, privacy, discrimination and human rights. The specifics of such legislation and the number of other jurisdictions that will introduce legislation in this area remain unclear at this time.
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We use artificial intelligence and machine learning models in the development of some of our products and artificial intelligence systems to support the deployment of new applications and to improve the efficiency of our business operations. For new products, the models that we use are developed or trained using various data sets. If the models are incorrectly designed, if the data we use to train them is incomplete, inadequate or biased in some way, if we do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which our models rely, or if we do not have the ability to explain the output, the performance of our products
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 20, 2025
In addition, there are laws and legislative proposals in the U.S. and abroad concerning privacy, cybersecurity and artificial intelligence that have implications for our business. For example, the Canadian and Australian governments have initiated reviews of their consumer privacy laws, and several U.S. states have introduced varying comprehensive privacy laws modeled to some degree on the CCPA and/or the GDPR. More recently, regulators and legislators have been increasingly focused on the use of algorithms, artificial intelligence and machine learning in business processes. Multiple jurisdictions, including the EU and several U.S. states, have adopted comprehensive oversight laws related to the development and use of
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We continuously invest in new technologies. If we implement new technology that includes artificial intelligence, we may introduce incremental risks in our environment if these technologies are incorrectly configured or implemented, if the data we use to prompt them is incomplete, inadequate or biased in some way, or if the outputs are not sufficiently reviewed for reliability and validity.
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As a data, analytics and technology company and consumer reporting agency, we are subject to a number of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to consumer financial protection, data protection, data privacy, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. See “Item 1. Business - Governmental Regulation” in this Form 10-K for a summary of the U.S. and foreign consumer and data protection laws and regulations to which we are subject. These regulations are complex, change frequently, have tended to become more stringent over time, and are subject to administrative interpretation and judicial construction in ways that could harm our business. In addition, new laws and regulations are enacted frequently, such as amendments to the FCRA, cybersecurity and other requirements promulgated by the FTC, the NYDFS and the SEC, and data privacy and artificial intelligence laws in several U.S. states and foreign countries.
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Our future success depends partly on the continued service of our key development, sales, marketing, executive and administrative personnel. Increased retention risk exists in certain key areas of our operations, such as data and analytics, artificial intelligence, IT and data security, which require specialized skills, including cloud security, application development and maintenance and artificial intelligence expertise and analytical modeling. If we fail to retain and hire a sufficient number of these personnel, we will not be able to maintain or expand our business. Hiring, on-boarding training, motivating, retaining and managing employees with the skills required is time-consuming and expensive. There is intense competition for certain highly technical specialties in geographic areas where we continue to recruit, and it may become more difficult to retain our key employees. If we are not able to hire sufficient employees to support our business or to train, motivate, retain and manage the employees we do hire, it could have a material adverse effect on our business operations or financial results.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 20, 2025
We and our customers are subject to various current laws and governmental regulations, and could be affected by new and evolving laws and regulations, including those related to consumer privacy and protection, cybersecurity and artificial intelligence. Compliance with these laws and regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses and change our business practices, and if we fail to maintain satisfactory compliance with certain laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties.
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and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws, third-party privacy or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party. Similarly, if the artificial intelligence systems used for deploying new applications or improving operational processes are incorrectly configured, if the data we use to train them is incomplete or inadequate, or if sufficient testing is not completed, the performance of our business operations, as well as our reputation, could suffer.
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Public or commercial sources of free or relatively inexpensive consumer credit, credit score and other information have become increasingly available, including sources that utilize artificial intelligence or machine learning, and this trend is expected to continue. Free sources of consumer employment and income information, such as paystubs, have always existed and could impact demand for our products and services in the event that customers determine such data is sufficient to meet their needs. In addition, governmental agencies in particular have increased the amount of information to which they provide
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations are evolving and can be subject to significant change. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations are often uncertain. These laws are enforced by federal, state and local regulatory agencies in the jurisdictions where we operate, and in some instances also through private civil litigation. There are also a number of legislative proposals pending before the U.S. Congress, various state legislative bodies and foreign governments concerning consumer and data protection, as well as artificial intelligence, that could affect us.
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… The success of our products and services will depend on several factors, including our ability to: (i) properly identify and respond to customer needs; (ii) innovate and develop new technology and analytical capabilities, including advanced artificial intelligence-based capabilities; (iii) successfully commercialize new products and services in a timely manner; (iv) produce and distribute our products and services in sufficient …
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We are subject to a number of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations that involve matters central to our business. These laws and regulations may involve consumer reports, privacy and consumer protection, data protection, artificial intelligence, intellectual property, competition, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, employment, health, taxation or other subjects. In particular, we are subject to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws regarding the collection, protection, dissemination and use of personal information we collect, process or otherwise have in our possession. Failure to satisfy those legal and regulatory requirements, or the adoption of new laws or regulations, could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
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• Leverage and expand our differentiated portfolio of data assets. We use proprietary advanced analytical platforms, including capabilities in machine learning, artificial intelligence and advanced visualization tools, to leverage our unique data to develop leading analytical insights that enhance the precision of our customers’ decisioning activities. Our cloud-native technology simplifies our customers’ access to our leading analytical and decisioning platforms, allowing us to accelerate the development of unique insights and the conversion of these insights into innovative new products and services consumable by our customers through our delivery platforms. We strive to advance these capabilities and bring our customers multi-data solutions at scale by expanding our unique and differentiated data assets and analytics through organic growth, business acquisitions and partnerships.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
Our success increasingly depends on our proprietary technology and its ability to differentiate us from our competitors. We rely on various intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, database rights, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as contract restrictions, confidentiality provisions and licensing arrangements, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. The extent to which such rights can be protected varies in different jurisdictions and is rapidly evolving with respect to artificial intelligence. If we are unable to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights successfully, our competitive position may suffer which could harm our operating results. Our pending patent and trademark applications may not be allowed at all, may be granted with claims that are not advantageous, or competitors may challenge the validity or scope of our
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 20, 2025
As a data, analytics and technology company and credit reporting agency, we are subject to a number of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to consumer financial protection, data protection, data privacy, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. See “Item 1. Business - Governmental Regulation” in this Form 10-K for a summary of the U.S. and foreign consumer and data protection laws and regulations to which we are subject. These regulations are complex, change frequently, have tended to become more stringent over time, and are subject to administrative interpretation and judicial construction in ways that could harm our business. In addition, new laws and regulations at the state and federal level are enacted frequently, such as amendments to the FCRA, cybersecurity and other requirements promulgated by the FTC, the NYDFS and the SEC, and data privacy laws in several U.S. states.
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• Leverage our Equifax Cloud capabilities to accelerate innovation, new products and growth. Our cloud data and technology transformation has changed nearly every facet of our global technology infrastructure, including a migration to a public cloud environment that employs virtual private cloud deployment techniques. Central to our move to cloud-native technology is our custom single data fabric, which is a cloud native platform that enables Equifax to build, manage and deploy data products, as well as implementation of best-in-class cloud-based tools and capabilities. Our cloud infrastructure also allows us to rapidly deploy and integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning and agentic based capabilities to improve our products and solutions, as well as internal processes. Our growth strategy includes leveraging our cloud data and technology transformation to accelerate innovation and new product development, deliver market-leading capabilities to our customers, facilitate customer and partner implementation and integration, improve ease of consumer access to and interaction with Equifax, and strengthen system resiliency and uptime.
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We devote substantial compliance, legal and operational business resources towards compliance with applicable regulations and requirements. In the future, we may be subject to significant additional expenses related to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including new laws and evolving interpretations that have varying requirements and/or are difficult to predict, and to the investigation, defense or remedy of actual or alleged violations. Additionally, we cooperate with the CFPB in supervisory examinations and respond to other state, federal and foreign government examinations of, or inquiries into, our business practices. In particular, legislative activity in the privacy area may result in new laws that are applicable to us and that may hinder our business, for example, by restricting use or sharing of consumer data, including for marketing or advertising purposes, limiting our ability to provide certain consumer data to our customers, or otherwise regulating artificial intelligence and machine learning, including the use of algorithms and automated processing in ways that could materially affect our business, or which may lead to significant increases in the cost of compliance.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems are constantly evolving and often are not recognized until launched against a target, or even some time after. For example, artificial intelligence can automate and hyper-personalize existing attack vectors like phishing and deepfakes. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures or remediate any intrusion on a timely or effective basis even if our security measures are appropriate, reasonable and/or comply with applicable legal requirements. Certain efforts may be state-sponsored and supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more sophisticated and difficult to detect. Further, the transition of our applications and systems infrastructure to cloud-based technologies may expose us to additional cyber threats, as most of our data has migrated from legacy Equifax systems to cloud-based solutions hosted by third parties. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our data and customer data and to prevent data loss and other security breaches, and expect to continue to expend significant additional resources to bolster these protections, these security measures cannot provide absolute security.
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We are in the final stages of migrating the vast majority of our applications and systems infrastructure from legacy on-premises systems to cloud-based solutions hosted by third parties. We expect that our cloud technology transformation will continue to increase our efficiency and productivity, enhance our ability to deliver new and differentiated products, improve the stability and functionality of our products and services, decrease the cost of our overall systems infrastructure, and enable the delivery of advanced artificial intelligence-based products and internal processes, all of which we expect will drive growth and have a positive effect on our business, competitive position and results of operations. This initiative has been a major undertaking as we have replaced most of our previous operating systems with cloud-based systems. This complex, multifaceted and extensive initiative has been expensive and has caused, and may cause in the future, unanticipated problems and expenses. If we are unable to complete the remaining migrations, or if our new cloud-based systems do not operate as expected, we may have to incur significant additional costs to make modifications and could lose customers and we may suffer reputational harm as a result.
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Equifax Inc. is a global data, analytics and technology company. We provide information solutions for businesses, governments and consumers, and we provide human resources business process automation and outsourcing services for employers. We have a large and diversified group of clients, including financial institutions, corporations, government agencies and individuals. Our services are based on comprehensive databases of consumer and business information derived from numerous sources including credit, financial assets, telecommunications and utility payments, employment, income, educational history, criminal justice, healthcare professional licensure and sanctions, demographic and marketing data. We use advanced statistical techniques, artificial intelligence including machine learning, and proprietary software tools to analyze available data to create customized insights, decision-making and process automation solutions and processing services for our clients. We are a leading provider of information and solutions used in payroll-related and human resource management business process services in the U.S., as well as e-commerce fraud and charge back protection services in North America. For consumers, we provide products and services to help people understand, manage and protect their personal information and make more informed financial decisions. Additionally, we also provide information, technology and services to support debt collections and recovery management.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-K of Feb 19, 2026, 10-Q of Apr 21, 2026, 10-Q of Jul 21, 2026, 10-Q of Oct 20, 2026, 10-K of Feb 19, 2026
… Financial Conduct Authority and Information Commissioner’s Office in the U.K., and the Office of Australian Information Commission and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission in Australia; (xv) the impact of privacy, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence or other data-related laws and regulations; (xvi) the economic, political and other risks associated with international sales and operations; (xvii) the impact on …
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 8-K of Apr 21, 2026, 8-K of Jul 21, 2026, 8-K of Oct 20, 2026, 8-K of Jul 17, 2024, 8-K of Oct 16, 2024, 8-K of Feb 6, 2025, 8-K of Jul 22, 2025, 8-K of Oct 21, 2025, 8-K of Apr 22, 2025
We cannot assure you that our technology transformation will be beneficial to the extent, or within the timeframes expected, or that the estimated efficiency, cost savings and other improvements will be realized as anticipated or at all. Market acceptance of cloud-based and artificial intelligence-based offerings is affected by a variety of factors, including information security, reliability, performance, the sufficiency of technological infrastructure to support our products and services in certain geographies, customer and data provider concerns with entrusting a third party to store and manage its data as well as the customer’s ability to access this data once a contract has expired, and consumer concerns regarding data privacy and the enactment of laws or regulations that restrict our ability to provide such services to customers. If we are unable to correctly respond to these issues, we may experience business disruptions, damage to our reputation, negative publicity, diminished customer trust and relationships and other adverse effects on our business. Even if the anticipated benefits and savings of our technology transformation are substantially realized, there may be consequences, internal control issues or business impacts that were not expected. We have made significant investments in our technology transformation, and if we were to change a primary cloud-based service provider, we may incur additional costs in connection with a transition.
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… Despite our substantial investment in physical and technological security measures, employee training and contractual precautions, our information technology networks and infrastructure (or those of our third-party vendors and other service providers) are potentially vulnerable to unauthorized access to data, loss of access to systems or breaches of confidential information due to criminal conduct, attacks by hackers, artificial intelligence-powered …
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… results, improvements in our information technology and data security infrastructure, the expected financial and operational benefits, synergies and growth from our acquisitions, the expected benefits of our use of artificial intelligence, the pricing strategies, benefits and value proposition of product offerings of Equifax and its competitors, changes in the U.S. mortgage market environment (as well as changes more generally …
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 10-Q of Apr 21, 2026, 10-Q of Jul 21, 2026, 10-Q of Oct 20, 2026
… rating downgrade; (xxiii) our ability to hire and retain key personnel; (xxiv) the impact of adverse changes in the financial markets and corresponding effects on our retirement and post-retirement pension plans; (xxv) the impact of health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks on our business; and (xxvi) risks associated with our use of certain artificial intelligence and machine learning models.
Read in the filing ↗ Also in 8-K of Apr 17, 2024